Selection of individual catacombs

The database of individual catacombs contains 14 categories. Each data entry has its ID via a unique identifier for each record given by the author (1 – 56). The region/city and country where the individual catacomb is placed are provided. Each catacomb location's coordinates are provided in decimal format for latitude (LATITUDE) and longitude (LONGITUDE). Excavators do not report exact coordinates; approximate coordinates from Google Maps are used. CONSTRUCTION MIN/MAX: Chronology for each catacomb is given in two numeric fields - the minimum and maximum for the date range. For easier work with data, there is a vaguely expressed chronology from the source adjusted as listed above to the numerical record. These are reported as positive CE and negative BCE values. UNDERGROUND: Information on whether or not catacombs are subterranean structures. If yes, the character P (positive) is typed; if not, the character N (negative) is typed. BURIAL PLACE: Information on whether or not it is the catacomb burial place. If yes, then the character P (positive) is typed; if not, then the character N (negative) is typed. BURIAL RITUS: Information on whether the burial places were used for inhumation (I) or cremation (C). TYPE OF BURIAL indicates whether the catacomb is utilized for individual, family/household, kin, or collective burials. BURIAL HUMAN/ANIMAL: Information on whether the burial places were used for humans (H) or animals (A). RELIGION: If there is a relation with Christianity, the character CH is typed; if with Judaism, the character J; if with Paganism, the character P. When multiple religions refer to the same catacomb, they are entered into the same data cell and separated using semicolons. The field remains empty in the absence of information.

Data retriever from:

Hypogea 2023 Proceedings of 4th International Congress of Speleology in Artificial Cavities (Genoa, Palazzo Ducale, September 29-30, 2023). Edited by S. Saj et al. 325-334. Rimini: Corigraf, 2023. ISBN 9788832241327 Agnello, G., 1970. La catacomba di Manomozza a Siracusa. Bonacini, E., D’Agostino, G., Galizia, M., Santagati, C., Sgarlata, M., 2012. The catacombs of San Giovanni in Syracuse: surveying, digital enhancement and revitalization of an archaeological landmark. Presented at the Progress in Cultural Heritage Preservation: 4th International Conference, EuroMed 2012, Limassol, Cyprus, October 29–November 3, 2012. Proceedings 4, Springer, pp. 396–403. Bonanno, A., Militello, P., KASA (Koiné archeologica, sapiente antichitá) (Eds.), 2008. The Maltese early christian cemeteries : an overview, in: Malta in the Hybleans, the Hybleans in Malta: proc. int. conference, Catania, 30 September, Sliema 10 November 2006 = Malta negli Iblei, gli Iblei a Malta: atti del convegno internazionale Catania, 30 settembre, Sliema 10 novembre 2006, KASA (Koiné archeologica, sapiente antichitá). Officina di studi medievali, Palermo. Braconi, M., Facchin, G., Ferri, G., Bernardi, M., Sperduti, A., 2023. New researches at the catacomb of Santa Mustiola: Funerary rituals and biosocial composition of the early Christian community of Chiusi (Siena, Italy), in: Gaëlle, G., Boyer, C., Anstett, É. (Eds.), Death and the Societies of Late Antiquity. Presses universitaires de Provence, Aix-en-Provence, pp. 283–297. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pup.68906 Buhagiar, M., 1983. The study of the Maltese Paleochristian catacombs. Buonaguro, S., 2006. La cosidetta catacomba anonima di via Rovigno d’Istria. Rivista di archeologia cristiana 82, 75–102. Campagnani, F., 2016. Alla ricerca dei Fasti della Chiesa: don Mario Pericoli e la Catacomba di Villa San Faustino in Massa Martana, in: Comez, G., Campagnani, F. (Eds.), Il Senso Dell’antico: Archeologia e Archeologi Nel Territorio Di Todi Dal 1700 a Oggi: Atti Del Convegno, Todi, 28-29 Novembre 2015, Mediaevalia. Presented at the Convegno Il senso dell’antico, archeologia e archeologi nel territorio di Todi dal 1700 a oggi, Fondazione Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo, Spoleto. Carra, R.M.B., Cavallaro, N., Tullio, A., Marescalchi, P., 2001. La catacomba di Porta d’Ossuna a Palermo. Pontificia commissione di archeologia sacra. Cerrito, A., 2012. Formello: la catacomba di Monte Stallone. I. Van Kampen (a Cura Di), Il Nuovo Museo Dell'Agro Veientano a Palazzo Chigi Di Formello, 149–152. Cerrito, A., 2020. Note sulla catacomba di Castelvecchio Subequo (AQ) alla luce di recenti indagini. F. Bisconti, G. Ferri (a Cura Di), Taccuino per Anna Maria Giuntella. Piccoli Scritti Di Archeologia Cristiana e Medievale, Todi, 119–125. Crupi, V., La Russa, M.F., Venuti, V., Ruffolo, S., Ricca, M., Paladini, G., Albini, R., Macchia, A., Denaro, L., Birarda, G., Bottari, C., D’Amico, F., Vaccari, L., Majolino, D., 2018. A combined SR-based Raman and InfraRed investigation of pigmenting matter used in wall paintings: The San Gennaro and San Gaudioso Catacombs (Naples, Italy) case. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 133, 369. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12231-7 Davey, C.J., 2001. The Excavation Technology used in the Cow Catacombs of the Sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqara, Egypt. Buried History 37–38. Dello Russo, J., 2011. „The Discovery and Exploration of the Jewish Catacomb of the Vigna Randanini in Rome. Records, Research, and Excavations through 1895 “. Roma Subterranea Judaica, 5, pp.1-24. Disantarosa, G., 2010. Indagini geofisiche nell'area del complesso cimiteriale di Ponte della Lama (Canosa di Puglia, Bari). … FastiOnLine Documents & …. Elfadaly, A., Lasaponara, R., 2019. On the Use of Satellite Imagery and GIS Tools to Detect and Characterize the Urbanization around Heritage Sites: The Case Studies of the Catacombs of Mustafa Kamel in Alexandria, Egypt and the Aragonese Castle in Baia, Italy. Sustainability 11, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072110 Goudsmit, J., Brandon-Jones, D., 2000. Evidence from the Baboon Catacomb in North Saqqara for a West Mediterranean Monkey Trade Route to Ptolemaic Alexandria. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/030751330008600115 Gradante, I., Sgarlata, M., Tanasi, D., 2016. 3D DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES TO RECORD EXCAVATION DATA: THE CASE OF THE CATACOMBS OF ST. LUCY (SIRACUSA, SICILY), in: Proceedings of the ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Presented at the ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation, Universitat Politècnica València. https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3002 Griesheimer, M., 1989. Genèse et développement de la catacombe Saint-Jean à Syracuse. mefr 101, 751–782. https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1989.1648 Hemeda, S., 2012. Seismic Response Analysis and Protection of Underground Monumental Structures – The Catacombs of Kom EL-Shoqafa, Alexandria, Egypt, in: Moustafa, A. (Ed.), Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering - Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/28253 Hemeda, S., Pitilakis, K., Bandis, S., 2014. Geotechnical, Geophysical Investigations and Seismic Response Analysis of the Underground Tombs in Mustafa Kamil Necropolis, Alexandria, Egypt. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 14.2. Hemeda, S., Pitilakis, K., Papayianni, I., 2007. Underground monuments (Catacombs) in Alexandria, Egypt. Ikram, S., 2005. Divine CreaturesAnimal Mummies in Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. https://doi.org/10.5743/cairo/9789774248580.001.0001 Laviano, R., MONITILLO, F., ERAMO, G., NUZZO, D., DE SANTIS, P., 2009. The catacombs of Ponte della Lama (Canosa di Puglia, 4th – 6th century AD): preliminary results of the plasters characterization. Geoitalia 2009,. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2425.0888 Lentini, D., 2009. THE FUNERAL AREA IN “PONTE DELLA LAMA-CANOSA”( III- VI CENTURY). AN HYPOTHESIS OF 3D HISTORICAL-MONUMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION. Leynaud, A.-F., 1905. Rapports sur les fouilles des catacombes d’Hadrumète. Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 49, 504–522. Lombardi, I., Trematerra, A., 2017. The acoustics of the catacombs of Vigna Cassia in Syracuse. Presented at the 173rd Meeting of Acoustical Society of America and 8th Forum Acusticum, Boston, Massachusetts, p. 015009. https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000589 Mastrorilli, D., 2006a. La catacomba di S. Cristina a Bolsena. Il contesto storico-archeologico, in: Le Catacombe Del Lazio. Ambiente, Arte e Cultura Delle Prime Comunità Cristiane. pp. 37–43. Mastrorilli, D., 2006b. La catacomba di S. Teodora a Rignano Flaminio., in: Le Catacombe Del Lazio. Ambiente, Arte e Cultura Delle Prime Comunità Cristiane. pp. 59–64. Mastrorilli, D., 2006c. La catacomba di S. Vittoria a Monteleone Sabino., in: Le Catacombe Del Lazio. Ambiente, Arte e Cultura Delle Prime Comunità Cristiane. pp. 65–71. Nicholson, P.T., 1995. The sacred animal necropolis at North Saqqara. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 81, 6–9. Nicholson, P.T., Ikram, S., Mills, S., 2015. The Catacombs of Anubis at North Saqqara. Antiquity 89, 645–661. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.53 Patti, A., ?: La catacomba di Villagrazia di Carini. Per la rubrica "Roma: la città e il mondo" e "Sicilia Romana", articolo già pubblicato sul sito Capitolivm: https://www.capitolivm.it/roma-la-citta-e-il-mondo/sicilia-romana-la-catacomba-di-villagrazia-di-carini/ Pergola, P., Barbini, P.M., 1999. Le catacombe romane: storia e topografia, 2. rist. ed, Argomenti. Carocci, Roma. Ponticelli, G., Passariello, I., Marzaioli, F., Ebanista, C., Terrasi, F., 2021. New research in the catacomb of S. Gennaro in Naples: investigation methods and problems derived from radiocarbon dating. Puri, A., 2022. La Catacomba di Santa Cristina a Bolsena. La Loggetta, Notiziario Di Piansano e La Tuscia n. 129. Rhizopoulou, S., Kapolas, G., 2015. In situ study of deep roots of Capparis spinosa L. during the dry season: Evidence from a natural “rhizotron” in the ancient catacombs of Milos Island (Greece). Journal of Arid Environments 119, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.03.010 Russo, J. D., 2010. ICS on site in the Vigna Randanini Catacomb: Fall 2001. Roma Subterranea Judaica 1, Publications of the International Catacomb Society. Rutgers, L.V., De Jong, A.F.M., van der Borg, K., 2002. Radiocarbon Dates from the Jewish Catacombs of Rome. Radiocarbon 44, 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200031891 Rutgers, L.V., Van Der Borg, K., De Jong, A.F.M., 2005. Radiocarbon Dates from the Catacombs of St. Callixtus in Rome. Radiocarbon 47, 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200035177 Scandurra, C., 2023. 2009-2019: dieci anni di attività dell’Ispettorato per le Catacombe della Sicilia Orientale, e non solo. Sim, G.A., 1904. The Catacombs of Citta Vecchia, in the Island of Malta. The Expository Times 15, 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/001452460401500404 Smit, M., 2005. Catacombs on the island of Malta, with a case study on the St. Paul’s catacombs, Rabat. Profiel 62–73. Smith, H., 1976. Preliminary Report on Excavations in the Sacred Animal Necropolis. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 62, 14–17. Tanga, C., 2019. Oggetti di corredo personale dalle catacombe abruzzesi, in: Economia e Territorio. L'Adriatico Centrale Tra Tarda Antichità e Alto Medioevo. pp. 471–478. Teeter, E., 2010. Reviewed Work(s): The Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara: The Falcon Complex and Catacomb: The Archaeological Report. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 69, 124–126. https://doi.org/10.1086/654967 Trigger, B.G., Kemp, B.J., O’Connor, D., Lloyd, A.B., 1983. New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552–664 BC, in: Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607868 Wasef, S., Subramanian, S., O’Rorke, R., Huynen, L., El-Marghani, S., Curtis, C., Popinga, A., Holland, B., Ikram, S., Millar, C., Willerslev, E., Lambert, D., 2019. Mitogenomic diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices. PLoS ONE 14, e0223964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223964 Zambella, C., Ciocia, C., Loffredo, F., Pugliese, M., Quarto, M., Roca, V., Pinto, M.R., 2013. Environmental Monitoring of the St. Gennaro and St. Gaudioso catacombs in Naples. Zimmermann, N., Eßer, G., 2008. Showing the invisible–documentation and research on the Roman Domitilla catacomb, based on image laser scanning and 3D modelling. Zimmermann, N., Rutgers, L.V., Vilella, A., Kodzoman, E., Dee, M.W., 2022. Jewish Catacomb at Vigna Randanini in Rome. Römische Mitteilungen 360-431 Seiten. https://doi.org/10.34780/6CR2-27C3

http://www.catacombeditalia.va/content/archeologiasacra/en/catacombs/by-provinces/sardinia/catacomb-of-st-antioco.html, cited 16.5.2024 http://www.catacombeditalia.va/content/dam/archeologiasacra/Documenti/brochure_catacombe_Spancrazio_v4_.pdf, cited 18.5.2024

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Data last updated	5 февраля 2025 г.
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